Sketch Drawing for the Body Cavities

Anatomical Position

When an organism is in its standard anatomical position, positional descriptive terms are used to indicate regions and features.

Learning Objectives

Depict the standard position in human being anatomy

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• In standard anatomical position, the limbs are placed similarly to the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy.
• The anatomical position of the skull is the Frankfurt aeroplane. In this position, the lower margins of the orbitals (eye sockets), the lower margin of the orbits, and the upper margins of the ear canals (poria) lie in the same horizontal plane.
• Because animals tin change orientation with respect to their environments and appendages can modify position with respect to the trunk, positional descriptive terms refer to the organism only in its standard anatomical position to forbid defoliation.

Key Terms

• appendage: A limb of the body.
• supine: Lying on its dorsum, reclined.
• anatomical position: The standard position in which the body is standing with feet together, arms to the side, and head, optics, and palms facing forward.

The Need for Standardization

Standard anatomical position is the trunk orientation used when describing an organism's  anatomy.  Standardization is necessary to avoid defoliation since most organisms can take on many unlike positions that may change the relative placement of organs. All descriptions refer to the organism in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism's appendages are in some other position. Thus, the standard anatomical position provides a "gilded standard" when comparing the anatomy of different members of the same species.

Relative location in the anatomical position: Many terms are used to describe relative location on the trunk. Cranial refers to features closer to the head, while caudal refers to features closer to the anxiety. The front end of the trunk is referred to as anterior or ventral, while the back is referred to as posterior or dorsal. Proximal and distal describe relative position on the limbs. Proximal refers to a characteristic that is closer to the torso, while distal refers to a feature that is closer to the fingers/toes. Medial and lateral refer to position relative to the midline, which is a vertical line drawn through the center of the forehead, down through the belly push button to the floor. Medial indicates a feature is closer to this line, while lateral indicates features farther from this line.

Standard Anatomical Position in Humans

The standard anatomical position is agreed upon past the international medical community. In this position, a person is standing upright with the lower limbs together or slightly apart, anxiety flat on the floor and facing forward, upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from the body, and caput and optics directed straight ahead. In improver, the arms are usually placed slightly apart from the body and so that the hands do not impact the sides. The positions of the limbs, particularly the arms, have of import implications for directional terms in those appendages.

The ground for the standard anatomical position in humans comes from the supine position used for examining human cadavers during autopsies. Dissection of cadavers was 1 of the primary ways humans learned nearly beefcake throughout history, which has tremendously influenced the ways by which anatomical knowledge has developed into the scientific field of today.

Standard anatomical position: The regions of the body in standard anatomical position, in which the body is cock.

In humans, the standard anatomical position of the skull is called the Frankfurt aeroplane. In this position, the orbitales (eye sockets), lower margins of the orbits, and the poria (ear canal upper margins) all lie in the same horizontal plane. This orientation represents the position of the skull if the subject field were standing upright and looking straight ahead.

It is important to note that all anatomical descriptions are based on the standard anatomical position unless otherwise stated.

Directional Terms

Positional terms requite precise descriptions of anatomical relationships and let for consistency when referencing anatomical positions.

Learning Objectives

Identify the anatomical terms that define the homo body in space

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Descriptions of directional terms include: a) superior (head) and inferior (caudal), b) anterior and posterior, c) lateral and medial, d) deep and superficial, e) proximal and distal, and f) dorsal and ventral.
• Directional terms provide comparison of anatomical position by comparing the locations of different structures in the torso.

Key Terms

• directional terms: Directional terms are words used to describe the location of an anatomical structure by comparison its position to other structures within the trunk or within the orientation of the body itself.

Navigating Anatomy with Linguistic communication

Directional terms provide precise descriptions of a structure'south location. They permit a description of anatomical position by comparing location relative to other structures or inside the rest of the body. Standard anatomical terms for direction include:

• Superior and inferior (cranial and caudal) are used when referring to parts of the body which are toward an end of the torso. Superior structures are toward the caput (cranial) while junior (caudal) structures are toward the feet. Examples include the superior and inferior vena cava, which carry deoxygenated blood away from the caput (superior) and from the lower torso (junior) to the centre.
• Anterior and posterior are sometimes used in identify of superior and junior, respectively. These words are used more often for animal anatomy and rarely and merely with very specific meaning in human anatomy. Anterior refers to the side of the structure facing up in the standard anatomical position while posterior refers to the lesser side. For instance, the pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior side, each of which secretes different types of hormones.
• Dorsal and ventral are sometimes used in place of anterior and posterior, respectively. Dorsal means the back side or upper side, while ventral means the frontal or lower side. These are mostly used with animal anatomy, but tin can be used in human beefcake every bit long equally they are describing the side of an bagginess. 1 example is the dorsal fin in fish, constitute on the upper side of the fish's body.
• Lateral is used to describe anything closer to the sides of the body (toward the arms, in the standard anatomical position), while medial is used to describe anything toward the centre of the trunk. In full general, many structures of the human torso are bilateral and symmetrical with the center of the torso, such every bit the lungs or the arms.
• Deep refers to structures closer to the interior center of the body. For example, bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles. Superficial is used to describe structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the trunk. For case, the outer layers of skin are superficial to deeper layers of peel.
• Proximal and Distal describe one signal relative to another. Proximal refers to a betoken closer to the reference point while distal refers to a point farther abroad. When describing appendages, the proximal end of the appendage connects the bagginess to the body, while the distal end is away from the body.

Diagram of anatomical terms: Directional axes in a tetrapod.

Regional Terms and Axes

Regional directional terms include anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial.

Learning Objectives

Describe how axes give direction, detail, and location when describing a region of the torso

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• Regional terms depict the different parts of the body by the structures and functions of a specific region. The most basic regional terms are the axial and appendicular regions.
• Axes use directional terms to describe the location and orientation of a specific region.
• The directional term lateral is used to describe structures divided by a left-to-right centrality.

Key Terms

• ventral: On the front side of the man trunk or the corresponding surface of an animal, commonly the lower surface.
• posterior: Nearer the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal terminate in bipeds.
• axis: A line between two points that is used to give direction to an anatomical region.

Regional Terms in Anatomy

Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the parts of the body into different regions that contain structures that are involved in similar functions. Two main terms are used to describe the main regions of the body:

• The Axial Region makes upwards the main axis of the human body and includes the head, neck, chest, and trunk.
• The Appendicular Region makes up the parts of the human trunk that connect to the centric region. This includes the limbs and appendages.

These are the two bones categories of regional terms; nevertheless, many other terms are used to depict smaller regions inside the axial and appendicular regions. For instance, the brachial region consists of the arm as a office of the appendicular region, while the abdominal region consists of the abdomen as a smaller part of the axial region.

The intestinal region is subdivided into even smaller regions based on different functions of groups of organs and tissues in that region. If a person is experiencing pain in ane role of the abdominal region, and then the smaller regional divisions can assistance determine the organs involved in the problem to ameliorate treat symptoms.

Axes Depict Relative Positions

Another method for describing region An axis uses a straight line between two parts of the trunk to draw a region of the trunk with linear direction. For instance, blood tin can exist said to menstruation
in a proximal or distal direction through a region marked by that axis. The X, Y, and Z axes of the Cartesian coordinate system are used describe the specific location of an axis in standard anatomical position.

Many types of axes can requite regional direction. Any pair of corresponding directional terms can be combined to class an axis (such as proximal-distal for an appendage).

• The Dorsoventral axis (DV axis) is formed by the connection of the dorsal and ventral points of a region. The region betwixt the belly (ventral) and back (dorsal) is often described by a DV centrality.
• The Anterioposterior axis (AP centrality) is the axis formed by the connexion of the anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) ends of a region. The AP axis of a region is by definition perpendicular to the DV axis and vice-versa.
• The Left-to-right axis is the centrality connecting the left and right manus sides of a region. Information technology is used to describe the lateral sides of a region, which in humans are oft symmetrical around the center of the body. It is perpendicular to both the DV and AP axes.

Unlike Directional AP Axes in Three Torso Segments of a Horse: Axis (A) (in cherry) shows the AP axis of the tail, (B) shows the AP centrality of the neck, and (C) shows the AP centrality of the caput.

Axes requite more clarity and item for describing the location of an anatomical region. They are commonly used in both zoology and human beefcake, and can be paired with torso planes to give fifty-fifty more particular to anatomical direction, region, and location.

Body Planes and Sections

There are three basic reference planes used in anatomy: the sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane.

Learning Objectives

Identify the 3 basic anatomical reference planes

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (dorsum and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.
• A transverse plane, also known as an centric plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.
• A sagittal plane divides the trunk into sinister and dexter (left and right) portions.
• Body planes have several uses within the anatomy field, including in medical imaging, descriptions of body motion, and embryology.

Key Terms

• coronal plane: Any vertical plane that divides the trunk into inductive and posterior (belly and back) sections.
• transverse airplane: Any plane that divides the body into superior and junior parts, roughly perpendicular to the spine.
• sagittal airplane: Whatever imaginary plane parallel to the median plane.

What Are Body Planes?

Torso planes are hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections. They are normally used in both human being and zoological anatomy to describe the location or management of bodily structures. Reference planes are the standard planes used in anatomical terminology and include:

• The sagittal aeroplane (lateral or Y-Z plane) divides the body into sinister and dexter (left and right) sides. The midsagittal (median) plane is in the midline through the center of the body, and all other sagittal planes are parallel to it.
• The coronal aeroplane (frontal or Y-X plane) divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front) portions. Information technology besides separates the anterior and posterior portions.
• The transverse aeroplane (axial or 10-Z plane) divides the torso into superior and inferior (head and tail) portions. It is typically a horizontal plane through the center of the trunk and is parallel to the ground.

While these are the major reference planes of the body, other planes are commonly used in relation to these three. A longitudinal plane is any airplane perpendicular to the transverse plane, while parasaggital planes are parallel to the saggital plane.
The coronal plane, the sagittal airplane, and the parasaggital planes are examples of longitudinal
planes.

Anatomical Planes in a Man: There are three basic planes in zoological anatomy: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. A human in the anatomical position, can be described using a coordinate system with the Z-axis going from front to dorsum, the Ten-axis going from left to right, and the Y-axis going from upward to down.

Applications of Body Planes

Medical imaging techniques such as sonography, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans are ane of the master applications of body planes. By imaging a patient in standard anatomical position, a radiologist can build an X-Y-Z axis around the patient to utilise body planes to the images. The planes can then be used to identify and locate the positions of the patient's internal organs. Individual organs can besides be divided by planes to assist identify smaller structures within that organ.

Body planes are used to describe anatomical motion in the X-Y-Z coordinate system that the body moves through. An anatomist could model a limb's range of move by measuring which planes the limb tin move through and how far it is able to travel.

Anatomical alter during embryological evolution is also described and measured with torso planes. For case, during homo embryonic evolution the coronal plane is horizontal, merely becomes vertical every bit the embryo develops into a fetus.  In comparative embryology, trunk planes provide a basis for comparing the ways in which different types of organisms develop anatomically within the womb.

Body Cavities

Vertebrates accept fluid-filled spaces chosen trunk cavities that comprise the organs.

Learning Objectives

Describe the major cavities of the man torso

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• The dorsal cavity contains the chief organs of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal string.
• The diaphragm is a sheet of musculus that separates the thoracic crenel from the abdominal cavity.
• Special membrane tissues surround the torso cavities, such as the meninges of the dorsal crenel and the mesothelium of the ventral cavity.
• The mesothelium consists of the pleura of the lungs, the pericardium of the heart, and the peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Key Terms

• abdominoplevic cavity: The ventral body bedroom that contains the abdominal cavity (primarily digestive organisation) and the pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive system).
• dorsal crenel: The cavity in the back of the torso that contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, which house the brain and spinal cord respectively.
• Thoracic Cavity: The ventral torso chamber that contains the pericardial cavity (the centre) and the pleural cavity (the lungs).

By the broadest definition, a body crenel is any fluid-filled infinite in a multicellular organism. However, the term commonly refers to the infinite where internal organs develop, located betwixt the skin and the outer lining of the gut crenel."The human body crenel," normally refers to the ventral body cavity because information technology is past far the largest 1 in book. Blood vessels are not considered cavities but may be held within cavities. Most cavities provide room for the organs to adjust to changes in the organism's position. They usually contains protective membranes and sometimes bones that protect the organs.

Anatomical terminology for body cavities: Humans have multiple trunk cavities, including the cranial crenel, the vertebral cavity, the thoracic crenel (containing the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavity), the intestinal crenel, and the pelvic crenel. In mammals, the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the intestinal cavity.

Dorsal

The dorsal cavity is a continuous crenel located on the dorsal side of the trunk. It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the encephalon and the spinal string. The meninges is a multi-layered membrane inside the dorsal cavity that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Cranial

The cranial cavity is the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space within the skull. This crenel contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Vertebral

The vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures inside the vertebral cavalcade. These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal string, and the fluid-filled spaces between them. This is the most narrow of all trunk cavities, sometimes described as threadlike.

Ventral

The ventral cavity, the interior space in the front end of the body, contains many different organ systems. The organs within the ventral cavity are too called viscera. The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a canvas of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs.

Thoracic

The thoracic cavity is the anterior ventral body cavity constitute within the rib cage in the torso. Information technology houses the main organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the middle and lungs, but too includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland. The thoracic cavity is lined by ii types of mesothelium, a type of membrane tissue that lines the ventral cavity: the pleura lining of the lungs, and the pericadium lining of the heart.

Abdominopelvic

The abdominoplevic cavity is the posterior ventral body cavity institute beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It is generally divided into the intestinal and pelvic cavities. The abdominal crenel is not contained within bone and houses many organs of the digestive and renal systems, too as some organs of the endocrine arrangement, such as the adrenal glands. The pelvic cavity is contained inside the pelvis and houses the float and reproductive system. The abdominopelvic crenel is lined by a type of mesothelium chosen the peritoneum.

Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdomen is subdivided into four quadrants and 9 areas.

Learning Objectives

Distinguish among the abdominopelvic regions of the body

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas.
  The quadrants are labeled by location: the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.
• The nine regions are smaller than the iv abdominopelvic quadrants and include the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, correct illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
• The perineum is sometimes considered to be the 10th division.
• The purpose of the abdominal divisions is to describe regional anatomy in the abdomen, and to help clinicians determine which organ and tissues are involved in a disease based on which regions experience pain.

Key Terms

• left upper quadrant: The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine.
• Correct upper quadrant: The right upper quadrant contains the right portion of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, a modest portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of the small-scale intestine.
• left lower quadrant: The left lower quadrant houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the big intestine, the left female reproductive organs, and the left ureter.
• nine divisions: An alternate system for dividing the abdominopelvic crenel into regions.
• correct lower quadrant: In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right female reproductive organs, and the right ureter.

Anatomists and medical personnel divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions to facilitate study and word. These divisions are often used to categorize the individual intestinal organs by their location and function and are used past clinicians to help diagnose the source of abdominal pain and determine advisable treatment. The most common divisions for the abdominopelvic region are the four quadrants and nine regions.

Abdominal nine divisions (a) and quadrant regions (b): The abdomen is subdivided into 4 quadrants and ix areas.

Intestinal Four Quadrants

The abdominopelvic region tin can exist divided into four quadrants. These quadrants are defined by the intersection of the saggital plane with the umbilical plane (the transverse aeroplane through the bellybutton). Clinicians use these regions to determine the organs and tissues that may be causing pain or discomfort in that region.

Right Upper Quadrant

The right upper quadrant contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the tummy, the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of minor intestine. Pain in this region is associated with infection and inflammation in the gallbladder and liver or peptic ulcers in the stomach.

Left Upper Quadrant

The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, function of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small-scale intestine. Pain in this region is associated with malrotation of the intestine and colon.

Correct Lower Quadrant

In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the correct half of the female reproductive system, and the correct ureter. Pain in this region is well-nigh commonly associated with appendicitis.

Left Lower Quadrant

The left lower quadrant houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left half of the female reproductive arrangement, and the left ureter. Pain in this region is generally associated with colitis (inflammation of the big intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory illness and ovarian cysts in females.

Abdominal Nine Divisions

The nine divisions of the abdominopelvic region are smaller than the four quadrants, allowing for a more detailed word. These divisions are marked past two parasagittal and two transverse planes centered effectually the umbilicus. Most organs are part of multiple regions, including the gallbladder, duodenum, breadbasket, kidneys, spleen, small intestine and colon. The perineum (the expanse beneath the hypogastric region at the lesser of the pelvic cavity) is sometimes considered to be a 10th division in this system.

Right Hypochondriac

The correct hypochondriac region contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the pocket-sized intestine.

Left Hypochondriac

The left hypochondriac region contains part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon.

Epigastric

The epigastric (in a higher place stomach) region contains the majority of the stomach,  function of the liver, part of the pancreas, function of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands. This region pushes out when the diaphragm contracts during breathing.

Right Lumbar

The right lumbar region consists of the gallbladder, the right kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon.

Left Lumbar

The left lumbar region consists of the descending colon, the left kidney, and role of the spleen.

Umbilical

The umbilical region contains the umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the minor intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the illeum. Information technology also contains the transverse colon (the section between the ascending and descending colons) and the lesser portions of both the left and right kidney.

Right Iliac

The right iliac region contains the appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa. It is also commonly referred to as the right inguinal region. Hurting in this area is generally associated with appendicitis.

Left Iliac

The left illiac region contains office of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the correct illiac fossa. It is too usually called the left inguinal region.

Hypogastric

The hypogastric region (beneath the stomach) contains the organs around the pubic bone. These include bladder, function of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such equally the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/mapping-the-body/

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